How to add Prisma ORM to an existing project using SQL Server (15 min)

Add Prisma ORM to an existing TypeScript project with SQL Server and learn database introspection, baselining, and querying.

SQL Server is Microsoft's enterprise relational database management system known for its performance, security, and integration with Microsoft tools. In this guide, you will learn how to add Prisma ORM to an existing TypeScript project, connect it to SQL Server, introspect your existing database schema, and start querying with type-safe Prisma Client.

Prerequisites

1. Set up Prisma ORM

Navigate to your existing project directory and install the required dependencies:

npm install prisma @types/node @types/mssql --save-dev

npm install @prisma/client @prisma/adapter-mssql dotenv

Here's what each package does:

prisma - The Prisma CLI for running commands like prisma init, prisma db pull, and prisma generate
@prisma/client - The Prisma Client library for querying your database
@prisma/adapter-mssql - The SQL Server driver adapter that connects Prisma Client to your database
dotenv - Loads environment variables from your .env file
@types/mssql - TypeScript type definitions for mssql

2. Initialize Prisma ORM

Set up your Prisma ORM project by creating your Prisma Schema file with the following command:

npx prisma init --datasource-provider sqlserver --output ../generated/prisma

This command does a few things:

Creates a prisma/ directory with a schema.prisma file containing your database connection configuration
Creates a .env file in the root directory for environment variables
Creates a prisma.config.ts file for Prisma configuration

The generated prisma.config.ts file looks like this:

prisma.config.ts

import "dotenv/config";
import { defineConfig, env } from "prisma/config";

export default defineConfig({
  schema: "prisma/schema.prisma",
  migrations: {
    path: "prisma/migrations",
  },
  datasource: {
    url: env("DATABASE_URL"),
  },
});

The generated schema uses the ESM-first prisma-client generator with a custom output path:

prisma/schema.prisma

generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client"
  output   = "../generated/prisma"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "sqlserver"
}

3. Connect your database

Update the .env file with your SQL Server connection string details:

.env

DATABASE_URL="sqlserver://localhost:1433;database=mydb;user=username;password=password;encrypt=true"
DB_USER="username"
DB_PASSWORD="password"
DB_NAME="mydb"
HOST="localhost"

Replace the placeholders with your actual database credentials:

localhost:1433: Your SQL Server host and port
mydb: Your database name
username: Your SQL Server username
password: Your SQL Server password

4. Introspect your database

Run the following command to introspect your existing database:

npx prisma db pull

This command reads the DATABASE_URL environment variable, connects to your database, and introspects the database schema. It then translates the database schema from SQL into a data model in your Prisma schema.

Introspect your database with Prisma ORM

After introspection, your Prisma schema will contain models that represent your existing database tables.

5. Baseline your database

To use Prisma Migrate with your existing database, you need to baseline your database.

First, create a migrations directory:

mkdir -p prisma/migrations/0_init

Next, generate the migration file with prisma migrate diff:

npx prisma migrate diff --from-empty --to-schema prisma/schema.prisma --script > prisma/migrations/0_init/migration.sql

Review the generated migration file to ensure it matches your database schema.

Then, mark the migration as applied:

npx prisma migrate resolve --applied 0_init

You now have a baseline for your current database schema.

6. Generate Prisma ORM types

Generate Prisma Client based on your introspected schema:

npx prisma generate

This creates a type-safe Prisma Client tailored to your database schema in the generated/prisma directory.

7. Instantiate Prisma Client

Create a utility file to instantiate Prisma Client. You need to pass an instance of Prisma ORM's driver adapter to the PrismaClient constructor:

lib/prisma.ts

import "dotenv/config";
import { PrismaMssql } from "@prisma/adapter-mssql";
import { PrismaClient } from "../generated/prisma/client";

const sqlConfig = {
  user: process.env.DB_USER,
  password: process.env.DB_PASSWORD,
  database: process.env.DB_NAME,
  server: process.env.HOST,
  pool: {
    max: 10,
    min: 0,
    idleTimeoutMillis: 30000,
  },
  options: {
    encrypt: true, // for azure
    trustServerCertificate: false, // change to true for local dev / self-signed certs
  },
};

const adapter = new PrismaMssql(sqlConfig);
const prisma = new PrismaClient({ adapter });

export { prisma };

8. Query your database

Now you can use Prisma Client to query your database. Create a script.ts file:

script.ts

import { prisma } from "./lib/prisma";

async function main() {
  // Example: Fetch all records from a table
  // Replace 'user' with your actual model name
  const allUsers = await prisma.user.findMany();
  console.log("All users:", JSON.stringify(allUsers, null, 2));
}

main()
  .then(async () => {
    await prisma.$disconnect();
  })
  .catch(async (e) => {
    console.error(e);
    await prisma.$disconnect();
    process.exit(1);
  });

Run the script:

npx tsx script.ts

9. Evolve your schema

To make changes to your database schema:

9.1. Update your Prisma schema file

Update your Prisma schema file to reflect the changes you want to make to your database schema. For example, add a new model:

prisma/schema.prisma

model Post { 
  id        Int      @id @default(autoincrement()) 
  title     String
  content   String?
  published Boolean  @default(false) 
  authorId  Int
  author    User     @relation(fields: [authorId], references: [id]) 
} 

model User { 
  id    Int    @id @default(autoincrement()) 
  email String @unique
  name  String?
  posts Post[]
}

9.2. Create and apply a migration:

npx prisma migrate dev --name your_migration_name

This command will:

Create a new SQL migration file
Apply the migration to your database
Regenerate Prisma Client

SQL Server