Unique constraints and indexes (MySQL)

Overview

This page explains how to configure a unique constraint / index in your MySQL database. Constraints and indexes are very similar in MySQL (learn more here): When adding a unique constraint to one or more columns, MySQL will always create a corresponding unique index.

In this guide, you'll always configure unique constraints (which will automatically configure unique indexes as well).

You can configure unique constraints either on a single column or on multiple columns. These can be added when you create the table initially (using CREATE TABLE) or to an already existing table (using ALTER TABLE). This guide covers all four combinations.

At the end of the guide, you'll introspect your database to reflect the unique constraint in the Prisma schema, then you'll generate Prisma Client and write a simple Node.js script to validate the constraints.

Prerequisites

In order to follow this guide, you need:

• a MySQL database server running
• the mysql command line client for MySQL
• Node.js installed on your machine

Note: If you are using a version of MySQL where MyISAM is the default engine, you must specify ENGINE = InnoDB; when you create a table.

1. Create a new database and project directory

Start by creating a project directory where you can put the files you'll create throughout this guide:

mkdir unique-demo
cd unique-demo

Next, make sure that your MySQL database server is running. Then execute the following command in your terminal to create a new database called UniqueDemo:

mysql -e 'CREATE DATABASE UniqueDemo;'

Note: When invoking the mysql CLI, you might need to authenticate against your MySQL server. To do so, you need to pass two options to the command:

• -u __USERNAME__: The database user
• -p: Enable a password prompt for authentication

Here's a sample invocation for a user called root using the above command:

mysql -u root -p -e 'CREATE DATABASE UniqueDemo;'

You can validate that the database was created by running the SHOW TABLES command which lists all tables (relations) in your database (right now there are none):

mysql -e 'SHOW TABLES in UniqueDemo;'

2. Create a table with a single-column unique constraint and index

In this section, you'll create a new table with a single-column unique constraint in the UniqueDemo database. As mentioned above, this means that MySQL automatically adds a unique index to the same column.

Create a new file named single-column-unique.sql and add the following code to it:

CREATE TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`User` (
  `id` INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  `email` VARCHAR(350) UNIQUE
);

Now run the SQL statement against your database to create a new table called User:

mysql < single-column-unique.sql

Congratulations, you just created a table called User in the database. The table has an id column and a column called email on which you defined a unique constraint. MySQL also automatically added a corresponding unique index (do not run this code):

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `email` ON `UniqueDemo`.`User`(`email`);

CREATE TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`User` (
  `id` INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  `email` VARCHAR(350),
  UNIQUE (`email`)
);

3. Create a table with a multi-column unique constraint and index

Next, you'll create a table with a multi-column unique constraint. This also adds a unique index to the columns with the constraint.

Create a new file named multi-column-unique.sql and add the following code to it:

CREATE TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`AnotherUser` (
  `id` INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  `firstName` VARCHAR(256),
  `lastName` VARCHAR(256),
  UNIQUE (`firstName`, `lastName`)
);

Now run the SQL statement against your database to create a new table called AnotherUser:

mysql < multi-column-unique.sql

Congratulations, you just created a table called AnotherUser in the database. The table has an id column and two column called firstName and lastName on which you defined a unique index. MySQL also automatically added a corresponding unique index (do not run this code):

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `firstName` ON `UniqueDemo`.`AnotherUser`(`firstName`, `lastName`);

4. Adding a single-column unique constraint to an existing table

In this section, you'll add a single-column unique constraint to a table that already exists in your database. To do so, you first need to create a new table and then alter the table to add the constraint.

Create a new file named add-single-unique-constraint-later.sql and add the following code:

CREATE TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`OneMoreUser` (
  `id` INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  email VARCHAR(350)
);

ALTER TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`OneMoreUser` ADD CONSTRAINT `OneMoreUser_email_unique_constraint` UNIQUE (`email`);

This code contains two SQL statements:

1. Create a new table called OneMoreUser
2. Alter the table to add an unique constraint

Now run the SQL statements against your database to create a new table called OneMoreUser:

mysql < add-single-unique-constraint-later.sql

Congratulations, you just created a table called OneMoreUser in the database. The table has an id column and a column called email on which you later added a unique constraint in the second SQL statement. MySQL also automatically added a corresponding unique index (do not run this code):

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `OneMoreUser_email_unique_constraint` ON `UniqueDemo`.`OneMoreUser`(`email`);

5. Adding a multi-column unique constraint to an existing table

In this section, you'll add a multi-column unique constraint to a table that already exists in your database. To do so, you first need to create a new table and then alter the table to add the constraint.

Create a new file named add-multi-unique-constraint-later.sql and add the following code:

CREATE TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`TheLastUser` (
  `id` INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
  `firstName` VARCHAR(256),
  `lastName` VARCHAR(256)
);

ALTER TABLE `UniqueDemo`.`TheLastUser` ADD CONSTRAINT `TheLastUser_firstName_lastName_unique_constraint` UNIQUE (`firstName`, `lastName`);

This code contains two SQL statements:

1. Create a new table called TheLastUser
2. Alter the table to add an unique constraint

Now run the SQL statements against your database to create a new table called OneMoreUser:

mysql < add-multi-unique-constraint-later.sql

Congratulations, you just created a table called OneMoreUser in the database. The table has an id column and two columns called firstName and lastName on which you later added a unique constraint in the second SQL statement. MySQL also automatically added a corresponding unique index (do not run this code):

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX `TheLastUser_firstName_lastName_unique_constraint` ON `UniqueDemo`.`TheLastUser`(`firstname`, `lastname`);

6. Introspect your database with Prisma

In the previous sections, you created four tables with unique constraints:

• The table User has a singe-column unique constraint and index on the email column
• The table AnotherUser has a multi-column unique constraint and index on the firstName and lastName columns
• The table OneMoreUser has a singe-column unique constraint and index on the email column
• The table TheLastUser has a multi-column unique constraint and index on the firstName and lastName columns

In this section you'll introspect your database to generate the Prisma models for these tables.

To start, set up a new Node.js project and add the prisma CLI as a development dependency:

npm init -y
npm install prisma --save-dev

In order to introspect your database, you need to tell Prisma how to connect to it. You do so by configuring a datasource in your Prisma schema.

Create a new file named schema.prisma and add the following code to it:

schema.prisma
1datasource db {
2  provider = "mysql"
3  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
4}

The database connection URL is set via an environment variable. The Prisma CLI automatically supports the dotenv format which automatically picks up environment variables defined in a file named .env.

Create a new file named .env and set your database connection URL as the DATABASE_URL environment variable:

DATABASE_URL=mysql://__USER__:__PASSWORD__@__HOST__:__PORT__/UniqueDemo

In the above code snippet, you need to replace the uppercase placeholders with your own connection details. For example, if your database is running locally it could look like this:

DATABASE_URL=mysql://janedoe:mypassword@localhost:3306/UniqueDemo

With both the schema.prisma and .env files in place, you can run Prisma's introspection with the following command:

npx prisma introspect

This command introspects your database and for each table adds a Prisma model to the Prisma schema:

schema.prisma
1datasource db {
2  provider = "mysql"
3  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
4}
5
6model AnotherUser {
7  firstName String?
8  id        Int     @default(autoincrement()) @id
9  lastName  String?
10
11  @@unique([firstName, lastName], name: "firstName")
12}
13
14model OneMoreUser {
15  email String? @unique
16  id    Int     @default(autoincrement()) @id
17}
18
19model TheLastUser {
20  firstName String?
21  id        Int     @default(autoincrement()) @id
22  lastName  String?
23
24  @@unique([firstName, lastName], name: "TheLastUser_firstName_lastName_unique_constraint")
25}
26
27model User {
28  email String? @unique
29  id    Int     @default(autoincrement()) @id
30}

7. Generate Prisma Client

To validate whether the unique constraints work, you'll now generate Prisma Client and send a few sample queries to the database.

First, add a generator block to your Prisma schema (typically added right below the datasource block):

schema.prisma
1generator client {
2  provider = "prisma-client-js"
3}

Run the following command to install and generate Prisma Client in your project:

npx prisma generate

Now you can use Prisma Client to send database queries in Node.js.

8. Validate the unique constraints in a Node.js script

Create a new file named index.js and add the following code to it:

const { PrismaClient } = require('@prisma/client')

const prisma = new PrismaClient()

async function main() {
  const newUser1 = await prisma.user.create({
    data: {
      email: 'alice@prisma.io',
    },
  })
  console.log(newUser1)
  const newUser2 = await prisma.user.create({
    data: {
      email: 'alice@prisma.io',
    },
  })
  console.log(newUser2)
}

main()

In this code, you're creating two users with the same email, so you're violating the unique constraint that's configured on the User table.

Run the code with this command:

node index.js

After newUser1 gets printed to the console successfully, the script throws an error indicating that the unique constraint on email is violated:

{ email: 'alice@prisma.io', id: 1 }
(node:6883) UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error:
Invalid `newUser2 = await prisma.user.create()` invocation in
/Users/janedoe/unique-demo/index.js:12:38

   8     email: "alice@prisma.io"
   9   }
  10 })
  11 console.log(newUser1)
→ 12 const newUser2 = await prisma.user.create(Unique constraint failed on the constraint: `email`

To validate the multi-column unique constraint, replace the code in index.js with the following:

const { PrismaClient } = require('@prisma/client')

const prisma = new PrismaClient()

async function main() {
  const newUser1 = await prisma.anotherUser.create({
    data: {
      firstName: 'Alice',
      lastName: 'Smith',
    },
  })
  console.log(newUser1)
  const newUser2 = await prisma.anotherUser.create({
    data: {
      firstName: 'Alice',
      lastName: 'Smith',
    },
  })
  console.log(newUser2)
}

main()

Run the script again with this command:

node index.js

This time, you'll see a similar error message indicating the unique constraint on firstName and lastName was violated:

{ firstName: 'Alice', id: 1, lastName: 'Smith' }
(node:6913) UnhandledPromiseRejectionWarning: Error:
Invalid `newUser2 = await prisma.anotherUser.create()` invocation in
/Users/janedoe/unique-demo/index.js:13:45

   9     lastName: "Smith"
  10   }
  11 })
  12 console.log(newUser1)
→ 13 const newUser2 = await prisma.anotherUser.create(Unique constraint failed on the constraint: `firstName`

Note that you can add NULL values for these columns without violating the constraints. For example, the following code snippet will not fail:

const { PrismaClient } = require('@prisma/client')

const prisma = new PrismaClient()

async function main() {
  const newUser1 = await prisma.user.create({ data: {} })
  console.log(newUser1)
  const newUser2 = await prisma.user.create({ data: {} })
  console.log(newUser2)
}

main()

It will create two new records where the email is set to NULL in the database.